Determinants of the Students’ Intention to Pursue Social Entrepreneurship in Pakistan

As A Career Choice

Authors

  • Amber Waqar Knowledge Unit of Business, Economics, Accounting and Commerce, University of Management and Technology, Sialkot
  • Mahwish Jamil Management Sciences, University of South Asia, Raiwind Road Campus, Lahore https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2865-2612
  • Irum Yasmeen Management Sciences, University of South Asia, Raiwind Road Campus, Lahore https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6642-3095
  • Saiqa Anwaar Knowledge Unit of Business, Economics, Accounting and Commerce, University of Management and Technology, Sialkot https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3785-7684

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.58329/criss.v2i3.34

Abstract

Abstract Views: 143

Entrepreneurship is an evolving and fascinating subject in the field of business management, yet there is a lack of research on social entrepreneurship. A lack of knowledge about social entrepreneurship makes it impossible to address the issues that young people in developing nations confront, such as unemployment, poverty, environmental issues and societal issues for which the government is unable to offer a solution. Social entrepreneurship will improve national economic growth by overcoming several economic challenges. This study used a qualitative research design in which eleven semi-structured interviews were conducted to get rich data from MBA students. The thematic analysis was conducted to obtain the findings related to the social entrepreneurial intention of the students. The study’s findings showed that students are enthusiastic about choosing social entrepreneurship as a career. It is observed that optimism and self-efficacy were equally important in building social entrepreneurial purpose, but the fear of failure frequently caused students to be less resilient. Despite possessing social capital, financial capital, and entrepreneurial education, psychological capital must still be prioritized.

Keywords:

Social Venture Creation; Social Entrepreneurship, Intention, and Career Choice

References

Abbasianchavari, A., & Moritz, A. (2021). The impact of role models on entrepreneurial intentions and behaviour: a review of the literature. Management Review Quarterly, 71, 1-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-019-00179-0

Abdullah Azhar, A. j., Mohsin Rehamn, & hyder, A. (2010). Entrepreneurial Intentions among Business Students in Pakistan. Journal Of Business Systems,Governance and Ethics https://doi.org/10.15209/jbsge.v5i2.181

Acs, Z. J., Boardman, M. C., & McNeely, C. L. (2013). The social value of productive entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 40, 785-796. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9396-6

Ahmed, B. (2020). Inflation and unemployment in Pakistan: An empirical analysis. Pakistan Soc. Sci. Rev, 4, 306-318.

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behaviour. Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes.

Alexander, E. S., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2007). Academic procrastination and the role of hope as a coping strategy. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(7), 1301-1310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.10.008

Al-Qudah, A. A., Al-Okaily, M., & Alqudah, H. (2022). The relationship between social entrepreneurship and sustainable development from economic growth perspective: 15 ‘RCEP’countries. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 12(1), 44-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/20430795.2021.1880219

Appiah-Otoo, I., & Song, N. (2021). The impact of ICT on economic growth-Comparing rich and poor countries. Telecommunications Policy, 45(2), 102082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2020.102082

Bandura, A., & Wood, R. (1989). Effect of perceived controllability and perform standards on the self-regulation of complex decision making. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 56, 805-814. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.5.805

Bansal, S., Garg, I., & Sharma, G. D. (2019). Social entrepreneurship as a path for social change and driver of sustainable development: A systematic review and research agenda. Sustainability, 11(4), 1091. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041091

Baxter, P., & Jack, S. (2008). Qualitative case study methodology: Study design and implementation for novice researchers. The qualitative report, 13(4), 544-559. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2008.1573

Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention. Academy of Management Review.

Boldureanu, G., Ionescu, A. M., Bercu, A.-M., Bedrule-Grigoruță, M. V., & Boldureanu, D. (2020). Entrepreneurship education through successful entrepreneurial models in higher education institutions. Sustainability, 12(3), 1267. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031267

Bryman, A. (2012). Social research methods oxford university press.

Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods: Oxford university press.

Chen, C., R. Green, and A. Crick. (1998). The self-efficacy expectations and occupationalpreferences of females and males. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 295-316.

Chien-Chi, C., Sun, B., Yang, H., Zheng, M., & Li, B. (2020). Emotional competence, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention: A study based on China college students’ social entrepreneurship project. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 547627. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.547627

Craig, H., Freak-Poli, R., Phyo, A. Z. Z., Ryan, J., & Gasevic, D. (2021). The association of optimism and pessimism and all-cause mortality: A systematic review. Personality and Individual Differences, 177, 110788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110788

Drayton, B. (Producer). Social Entrepreneurship. Retrieved from https://www.ashoka.org/en/focus/social-entrepreneurship

Duong, C. D. (2023). Applying the stimulus-organism-response theory to investigate determinants of students’ social entrepreneurship: moderation role of perceived university support. Social Enterprise Journal, 19(2), 167-192. https://doi.org/10.1108/sej-10-2022-0091

Elnadi, M., & Gheith, M. H. (2021). Entrepreneurial ecosystem, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention in higher education: Evidence from Saudi Arabia. The International Journal of Management Education, 19(1), 100458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2021.100458

Faisal, T., Hyder, M., & Zaidi, S. S. Z. (2019). Behavioral aspects of youth in pakistan: un-employment and entrepreneurship. Academic Research International, 10.

Fraser, S., & Greene, F. J. (2006). The effects of experience on entrepreneurial optimism and uncertainty. Economica,73, 169-192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0335.2006.00488.x

Fred Luthans, B. J. A., James B. Avey, & Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive Psychological Capital: Measurement and Relationship with Performance and Satisfaction. Personnel Psychology 60(3), 541 - 572. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x

Gary Gorman, D. H., & King, W. (1997). Some Research Perspectives on Entrepreneurship Education, Enterprise Education and Education for Small Business Management: A Ten-Year Literature Review. International Small Business Journal 15(3), 56-77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242697153004

George, A. M. (2009). Identifying Social Entrepreneurs Serving the Poor at the BoP. Michigan: The. William Davidson Institute.

Gerry Segal, D. B., Jerry Schoenfeld. (2005). The Motivation to Become an Entrepreneur. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research 11(1).

Gong, Z., Chen, Y., & Wang, Y. (2019). The influence of emotional intelligence on job burnout and job performance: Mediating effect of psychological capital. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2707. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02707

Gupta, P., Chauhan, S., Paul, J., & Jaiswal, M. P. (2020). Social entrepreneurship research: A review and future research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 113, 209-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.03.032

Hayat, F., Anwar, A., & Ahmad, A. (2022). Perceptions of Teachers Regarding Influence of Reward and Punishment on Students Learning. CARC Research in Social Sciences, 1(2), 52-56. https://doi.org/10.58329/criss.v1i2.16

Henley, A. (2007). Entrepreneurial aspiration and transition into self-employment: Evidence from British longitudinal data. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620701223080

Huang, T. Y., Souitaris, V., & Barsade, S. G. (2019). Which matters more? Group fear versus hope in entrepreneurial escalation of commitment. Strategic Management Journal, 40(11), 1852-1881. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3051

Imdad, H. (2023). Access to Finance for Entrepreneurs in MENA Region. CARC Research in Social Sciences, 2(1), 01-07. https://doi.org/10.58329/criss.v2i1.13

Imtiaz, S., Arshad, A., Khan, Z., Ullah, M., Khan, M., & Jacquemod, J. (2020). Determinants of youth unemployment in Pakistan. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 10(5), 171. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.10386

Ishfaq Ahmed, M. M. N., & Zafar Ahmad, A. U., Wasim-ul-Rehman,Naveed Ahmed. (2010). Determinants of Students’ Entrepreneurial Career Intentions:Evidence from Business Graduates. European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 15, Number 2 (2010).

Jamil, M., Fadzil, A.F.M., Waqar, A. and Yaacob, M.R. (2023), "Exploring entrepreneurial Strategies for the sustainability of family businesses ", International Journal of Management and Business Research, 7 (2): 86-103 https://doi.org/10.1108/jfbm-05-2022-0073

Jamil, M., Waqar, A. and Fadzil, A. F. M. (2020). Theoretical Process of Entrepreneurial Family: Developing the Conceptual Framework by using Strategic Entrepreneurship Approach for the Describing Business Sustainability. International Journal on Emerging Technologies, 11(4): 163–172

Jiang, Y., & Tornikoski, E. T. (2019). Perceived uncertainty and behavioral logic: Temporality and unanticipated consequences in the new venture creation process. Journal of business venturing, 34(1), 23-40.mhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.06.002

Johnson, P., Buehring, A., Cassell, C., & Symon, G. (2007). Defining qualitative management research: an empirical investigation. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management 2(1). 23-42. https://doi.org/10.1108/17465640710749108

Kuldas, S., & Foody, M. (2022). Neither resiliency-trait nor resilience-state: Transactional Resiliency/e. Youth & Society, 54(8), 1352-1376. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118x211029309

Kuratko, D. F. H., R.M. (2004). Entrepreneurship: Theory, Process, Practice / D.F. Mason, OH: South-Western Publishers.

Li, C., Murad, M., Shahzad, F., Khan, M. A. S., Ashraf, S. F., & Dogbe, C. S. K. (2020). Entrepreneurial passion to entrepreneurial behavior: Role of entrepreneurial alertness, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and proactive personality. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1611. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01611

Lupșa, D., Vîrga, D., Maricuțoiu, L. P., & Rusu, A. (2020). Increasing psychological capital: A pre‐registered meta‐analysis of controlled interventions. Applied Psychology, 69(4), 1506-1556. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12219

Luthans, F. (2002). The Need For and Meaning of Positive Organizational Behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior 23(6):, 695-706. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.165

Lüthje, C. F., N. (2003). The “making” of an entrepreneur: testing a model of entrepreneurial intent among engineering students at MIT. R&D Management.

Madar, N. K., Teeni-Harari, T., Icekson, T., & Sela, Y. (2019). Optimism and entrepreneurial intentions among students: the mediating role of emotional intelligence. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 22(4), 1-19.

Mahfud, T., Triyono, M. B., Sudira, P., & Mulyani, Y. (2020). The influence of social capital and entrepreneurial attitude orientation on entrepreneurial intentions: the mediating role of psychological capital. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 26(1), 33-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2019.12.005

Mair, J., and Marti, I. (2006). Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight. Journal of world Business. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.002

Mair, J., and Noboa, E. (2005). How Intentions to Create a Social Venture are Formed: A Case Study. IESE WorkingPaper, Barcelona. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.875589

Mehdi Ghania, M. H. S., Mohammad Hassan Mobarakic, Ebrahim Mirzaei. (2009). The Effect of psychological capital on university of Tehran Students’ Entrepreneurial Intention. Asian Journal of Research in Business Economics and Management, 313-321.

Meo, M. S., Kumar, B., Chughtai, S., Khan, V. J., Dost, M. K. B., & Nisar, Q. A. (2020). Impact of unemployment and governance on poverty in Pakistan: a fresh insight from non-linear ARDL co-integration approach. Global Business Review, 0972150920920440. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150920920440

Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: a guide to design and implementation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2017). Qualitative research: a guide to design and implementation.

Morrow, R. (2006). Hope, entrepreneurship and foresight. 2006), Regional frontiers of entrepreneurship research: Compilation of papers of the third AGSE international entrepreneurship research exchange [CD]. Melbourne: Swinburne University, 606-618.

Neves, S., & Brito, C. (2020). Academic entrepreneurship intentions: A systematic literature review. Journal of Management Development, 39(5), 645-704. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmd-11-2019-0451

Nicole E. Peterman, J. K. (2003). Enterprise Education: Influencing Students’ Perceptions of Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 28(2), 129-144. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1540-6520.2003.00035.x

Novitasari, D., Siswanto, E., Purwanto, A., & Fahmi, K. (2020). Authentic leadership and innovation: what is the role of psychological capital? International Journal of Social and Management Studies, 1(1), 1-21.

Ozgen, S., Lapeira, M., & Pissaris, S. (2021). I got this! resource bundles and adversity: A situated entrepreneurial optimism perspective. Journal of Business Research, 136, 127-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.07.018

Palich, L. E., & Bagby, D. R. (1995). Using cognitive theory to explain entrepreneurial risk-taking: Challenging conventional wisdom. Journal of business venturing, 10(6), 425-438. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(95)00082-j

Palich, L., & Bagby, D. R. (1996). Using Cognitive Theory to Explain Entrepreneurial Risk-Taking: Challenging Conventional Wisdom. Journal of Business Venturing 10(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(95)00082-j

Praszkier, R., Nowak, A. (2012). Social Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice: New York: Cambridge University Press.

Qamar, U., Ansari, N., Tanveer, F., & Qamar, N. (2020). Social Entrepreneurship in Pakistan: Challenges and Prospects. Journal of Management and Research, 7(2), 1-41. https://doi.org/10.29145/jmr/72/070201

Rui Yang, M. M., Congcong Zheng and Lingyan Hu. (2015). Social entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship and Innovation Vol 16, No 4.

Runst, P., & Thomä, J. (2023). Resilient entrepreneurs?—revisiting the relationship between the Big Five and self-employment. Small business economics, 61(1), 417-443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-022-00686-7

Santos, F. M. (2012). A Positive Theory of Social Entrepreneurship. J Bus Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics.

Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2009). Research methods for business students: Pearson educatio

Schempeter, J. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Scott Shane, E. A. L., Christopher J. Collins. (2003). Entrepreneurial Motivation. Human Resource Management Review 13(2), 257-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1053-4822(03)00017-2

Searing, E. A., Wiley, K. K., & Young, S. L. (2023). Resiliency tactics during financial crisis: The nonprofit resiliency framework Understanding Nonprofit Organisations (pp. 275-289): Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003387800-34

Sebora, T. C., & Tantiukoskula, S. (2011). Psychological Capital and the Entrepreneurial Intention of College Students.

Shahzad, K., Lu, B., & Abdul, D. (2022). Entrepreneur barrier analysis on renewable energy promotion in the context of Pakistan using Pythagorean fuzzy AHP method. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(36), 54756-54768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19680-3

Sijabat, R. (2015). The Role of Social Entrepreneurship in Enabling Economic Opportunities for thePoor: A Synthesis of the Literature and Empirical Works. International Journal of Business and Social Science.

Snyder, C. R. (2000). Genesis: The birth and growth of hope In: C.R. Handbook of Hope: Theory, Measures, and Applications, (pp. 25-38): Academic Press, San Diego.

Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry 13(4), 249-275. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1304_01

Sumera Akram, S. K., Muhammad Nawab Khan & Muhammad. (2012). Unemployment Reasons and Its Impact on Pakistan Economy. City University Research Journal.

Swarupa, S. G., & Goyal, R. K. (2020). Entrepreneurial intentions of students: Review of academic literature. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 11(1), 1146-1168. https://doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2020.01.02

Tan, L. P., Le, A. N. H., & Xuan, L. P. (2020). A systematic literature review on social entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 11(3), 241-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2019.1640770

Urban, B. (2020). Entrepreneurial alertness, self-efficacy and social entrepreneurship intentions. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 27(3), 489-507. https://doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-08-2019-0285

Vedula, S., Doblinger, C., Pacheco, D., York, J. G., Bacq, S., Russo, M. V., & Dean, T. J. (2022). Entrepreneurship for the public good: A review, critique, and path forward for social and environmental entrepreneurship research. Academy of Management Annals, 16(1), 391-425. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2019.0143

Waqar, A., Jamil, M. and Fazdil, A. F. M and Yaaqob, M. R. (2021). Systematic Literature Review of Social Entrepreneurship Phenomenon: Perspectives and Theoretical Lenses. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government 27(2): 5216-5229.

Wray, E., Sharma, U., & Subban, P. (2022). Factors influencing teacher self-efficacy for inclusive education: A systematic literature review. Teaching and Teacher Education, 117, 103800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103800

Yasmin, N., Safdar, N., Yasmin, F., & Khatoon, S. (2021). Education, poverty, and unemployment: a way forward to promote sustainable economic growth in Pakistan. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business Government, 27(06).

Yin, R. K., & Campbell, D. T. (2018). Case study research and applications: design and methods.

Zhao, J., Wei, G., Chen, K.-H., & Yien, J.-M. (2020). Psychological capital and university students’ entrepreneurial intention in China: mediation effect of entrepreneurial capitals. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2984. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02984

Published

2023-09-30

How to Cite

Waqar, A., Jamil, M., Yasmeen, I., & Anwaar, S. (2023). Determinants of the Students’ Intention to Pursue Social Entrepreneurship in Pakistan: As A Career Choice. CARC Research in Social Sciences, 2(3), 86–96. https://doi.org/10.58329/criss.v2i3.34

Issue

Section

Articles

Most read articles by the same author(s)