CARC Research in Social Sciences

The Strategic Importance of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and Its Impact on Strategic Stability in South Asia

2024-09-26T20:10:51+00:00

China intends to spend about $62 billion on the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) in the coming years as a part of the broader Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). CPEC has both geoeconomic and geostrategic implications. This is a game changer for China globally as it wants to reach the Middle East, Europe, and Africa for trade and energy supplies via a shorter and alternate route. However, for Pakistan, this project not only helps in its economic development but also ensures its security against India. This study aims to examine India’s reaction to Chinese investment in the region and its impact on strategic stability in South Asia. India fears encirclement of its territory because of China’s presence in Pakistan, the Indian Ocean, and Myanmar. At the same time, the US is concerned that China is trying to revise the status quo in which the US sits at the apex. At this moment, the interests of the US and India seem to align, and they have already entered a strategic partnership. This study is qualitative in nature and relies on primary as well as secondary data available on CPEC and strategic stability. South Asia is becoming relevant to great powers’ politics. China’s investment in Pakistan will deter India from attacking Pakistan, and India will be helped by the US to prevent China from becoming a regional hegemon.

Exploring Climate Change’s Psychological Association, Between Eco-Anxiety, Eco-Grief and Attitude Towards Environment

2024-09-15T20:33:48+00:00

This study investigates the psychological correlations among eco-anxiety, eco-grief, and attitudes toward the environment within the context of climate change. Data were collected using convenience sampling from a sample size 200 in the Malakand district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The sample included 124 males and 76 females. Data collection involved the Eco-Anxiety Questionnaire comprising 22 items, the Eco Grief Questionnaire consisting of 6 items, and the Environmental Attitude Scale containing 20 items. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences was utilized to conduct correlation and t-tests, assessing the frequencies and percentages of demographics, as well as calculating the mean, standard deviation, reliability, and skewness of variables. The correlation analysis indicated a positive relationship among eco-anxiety, eco-grief, and environmental attitudes. A significant positive correlation was observed between eco-anxiety and environmental attitude (r=0.82, p<0.01), and between eco-grief and environmental attitude (r=0.80, p<0.01). The T-test was utilized to examine gender differences in the experiences of eco-anxiety and eco-grief. The findings demonstrated that females achieved significantly higher scores on the eco-grief scale compared to males. The findings indicate that eco-anxiety and eco-grief play a crucial role in fostering a proactive environmental attitude among adults, revealing notable differences between genders. The research highlights that eco-anxiety and eco-grief can strengthen an individual's emotional connection to nature. This increased connection often leads to a stronger commitment to preservation, thereby fostering a positive environmental attitude.

Assessment of Mental Health Literacy among School Teachers

2024-09-14T07:56:26+00:00

This study aims to look at Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistani school teachers' mental health literacy (MHL). More specifically, focuses on the teachers' capacity to identify knowledge of psychological disorders, their comprehension of risk factors, and their perspectives on mental health. A cross-sectional approach was utilized for the collection of data from five hundred teachers working in government and private schools in the districts of Peshawar and Swabi. The Mental Health Literacy Scale was utilized to obtain this information. The results show that teachers at private schools are consistently more knowledgeable about mental health than those in public schools, especially when it comes to self-treatment awareness. On the other hand, instructors employed by the government demonstrated more positive attitudes regarding recognizing mental health disorders and seeking assistance for them. Additionally, substantial disparities were discovered between teachers from Peshawar and Swabi, with teachers from Peshawar displaying increased knowledge of mental health than Swabi instructors. To better support teachers' mental health, the findings highlight the necessity of specialized training programs to improve mental health literacy (MHL) amongst teachers, particularly in locations with limited resources or resources.

Understanding Blood Donation Practices in Gilgit, Pakistan

2024-09-15T20:30:11+00:00

Blood is widely recognized as an essential bodily fluid crucial for sustaining life, and blood donation plays a critical role in saving lives. Ensuring access to a safe and sufficient supply of blood and its derivatives and reliable blood transfusion services is indispensable for a strong healthcare system. It is important to note that voluntary non-remunerated blood donors are the most reliable source of safe blood supply. In Pakistan, 70% of donated blood comes from replacement or paid donations, while only 10% comes from voluntary donations. In Gilgit, voluntary blood donation is scarce, and most blood comes from replacements. The respondents display limited understanding of blood transfusion, while they exhibit a positive attitude toward voluntary blood donation despite low participation. This discrepancy is attributed to inadequate awareness and campaigns, as well as prevalent myths and negative perceptions associated with blood and blood donation. Furthermore, sectarian-based segregation, the symbolic relationships between the donor and recipient and the exclusion of female blood donors exacerbate the gap between blood supply and demand. The research emphasises culturally suited solutions and strategies that can help enhance voluntary blood donation in Gilgit.

Terrorism in Pakistan

2024-09-29T07:02:55+00:00

Terrorism presents a substantial obstacle in the current global political landscape, leading to changes in approaches to national security. The 9/11 attacks had a significant and far-reaching effect, on South Asia, notably in Pakistan, prompting leaders such as President George W. Bush to intensify worldwide counter-terrorism efforts. This research examines the relationship between terrorism and national security, focusing on Pakistan's experience with cross-border terrorism from Afghanistan, particularly in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The study argues that terrorism surpasses conventional conflict standards and poses existential risks to national security. The study also highlights the impact of terrorist spillover from Afghanistan on Pakistan's territorial integrity, political sovereignty, and core institutions. The study also highlights the degradation of civil freedoms, economic pressures, and social divides due to terrorism. The research advocates for strong counter-terrorism strategies and global collaboration to strengthen national security and maintain global peace. The research advocates for a comprehensive strategy to address terrorism, emphasizing self-sufficiency and global cooperation, aiming to successfully battle terrorism while preserving national autonomy and democratic government in international affairs.

Social Reforms and Political Activism

2024-09-20T18:26:51+00:00

This article examines the Khudai Khidmatgar Movement, led by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan popularly known as Fakhr-i-Afghan Bacha khan, which played a pivotal role in social reform and political activism in colonial India. Founded in 1929, the movement adopted non-violent resistance to British rule while also addressing deep-rooted social issues within Pashtun society, such as factionalism, illiteracy, poverty, social and gender discrimination and blood feuds. Implying indegounious values, knowledge and tools, Ghaffar Khan promoted education, unity, and peaceful coexistence among his people, challenging the British narrative of Pashtuns as inherently violent. The article explores how the movement, initially focused on socio-educational reforms, evolved into a powerful force advocating for Indian independence, aligning with other non-violent movements like those led by Gandhi. Despite significant obstacles from the British and local elites, the Khudai Khidmatgar gained mass support, with over 100,000 members at its peak. The article highlights the movement’s transformative impact on Pashtun society and its contributions to the broader anti-colonial struggle, positioning it as a significant yet underappreciated chapter in South Asian history. This articles has relied on both primamry and secondary data for qualitative analysis, with most reliance on primary sorces of data collection. For this purpose, extensive interviews were conducted.

Narcissism Fear of Missing out and Phubbing

2024-09-29T07:15:27+00:00

The study sought to investigate the relationship between narcissism, fear of missing out (FOMO), and phubbing behavior pertaining to the young adults, in which special focus was paid to moderating role of mindfulness. The study sample consisted of 300 young adults aged 18-25, comprising 145 males and 155 females. The variables were studied using the FOMO scale, standard narcissistic personality inventory (grandiose narcissism & vulnerable narcissism), mindful attention awareness scale, and Social Phobia Generalized Scale including inter personal conflict, nomophobia, problem recognition and self-isolation. Results demonstrated FOMO as a reputable ‘dangerous’ narcissistic trait associated with phubbing since the two were positively linked to indulging in FOMO. Other social anxiety triggering phubbing was advancing a proposal that FOMO was positively associated with the exhibition of phubbing behaviors. These findings imply the need of incorporating FOMO to the existing interventions that aim at curbing phubbing behavior amongst the young adults. Positioned in this way, the study emphasizes that the development of the curative strategy should contain the assumption of the role of mindfulness in moderating the effect of FOMO on social behaviors.

Social Capital Elevates Courtesy

2024-09-20T18:23:28+00:00

Social capital which is also known as relational capital plays very significant role in enhancing education by fostering innovations in educational institutions. Social capital encompasses the relationships and networks which facilitate knowledge sharing, collaboration, and community engagement which are essential for teaching learning process. The existence of productive social capital among the stake holders promotes civility which leads towards imparting quality education to the learners. The main aim of this study is to highlight the importance of social capital in educational institutes. The data for the current study has been collected from a sample size of target population of secondary school teachers in Tehsil Wari, Dir Upper, Pakistan. The study is quantitative in nature as close-ended questionnaire comprising of 33 items covering six dimensions of social capital and teaching learning process with a five point Likert Scale is used for data collection. The validity and reliability of this survey instrument has been ensured by following predetermined principles, like sending for validation to four experts in the field, and checking the value of Cronbach’s alpha. The collected data has been analyzed by using SPSS-22. Descriptive statistics highlights that data is normally distributed therefore parametric tests like Pearson Correlation has been used to determine the relationship between social capital and teaching learning process. The results provide evidence that there is a high, positive and significant correlation between social capital and teaching-learning process. From results it is concluded that for effective teaching-learning process, the existence of social capital in educational institute is of paramount importance. The study recommends that there is need for further research as to explore antecedent variables affecting the co-existence of social capital and teaching-learning process.

Integrating the ICF Model to Study Health Satisfaction and the Long-Term Effects of Leisure Activity Limitation after Road Traffic Crashes

2024-09-24T15:50:15+00:00

This research study was conducted in District Malakand to find out the long-term effect of leisure activities limitation on the health satisfaction of road traffic crash victims. For this purpose, a sampling procedure (Multistage Stratified Random Sampling) was selected to choose a sample from the study university that represents the whole universe. Hence, 274 Road Traffic Injuries (RTI) victims were interviewed to obtain the study objectives from twelve Union Councils of District Malakand. For testing the association of leisure activities limitation and health satisfaction status at bivariate level the Chi-square and Kendall’s Tau-b statistical tests were applied however, the same was repeated at multivariate level by controlling the four background variables (age, gender, education and income). The study found that most respondents were from 21 to 30 years of age who were involved in Traffic Crashes (TC). Male (95%) were the dominant group of RTI victims. In terms of education, primary to high grade respondents were the highest group. The low-income group of the victims (33.2%) had the highest ratio of reported injury. The results at bivariate level further investigated that the health satisfaction status was significantly influenced by leisure activities limitation of RTI victims. Age, gender, education, and income levels explained the association between independent and dependent variables at multivariate level. The study suggests an immediate action on the enforcement of traffic laws and regulations equally in rural areas. An effective post-crash response is needed to support crash survivors and reintegrate into society by providing social, economic, recreational facilities as per their disability needs.

Impact of Broken Families on Students Behaviour

2024-09-29T07:19:15+00:00

This quantitative study investigated the impact of broken families on the behaviour of students at public sector universities of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). The study also compared the factors affecting the behaviour of broken family university students at AJ&K. A snowball sampling technique was employed to collect data from 200 undergraduate students from broken families, using a questionnaire that assessed five key domains: emotional behaviour, mental health, social problems, aggressive behaviour, and competitiveness. The study observed ethical considerations, such as obtaining informed consent and ensuring participant confidentiality. The results of this study provided valuable information about the behavioural changes students experienced following family breakups. Students from separated families exhibited more behavioural problems compared to those from divorced families. Similarly, students belonging to separated families and those not living with either parent experienced a greater impact on their behaviour than the students belonging to broken families due to death, separation, or divorce. The findings suggested psychological measures to address the behavioural issues of these students. This implies that universities should implement counselling services and encourage active participation in recreational and curricular activities to promote constructive behaviour among students from broken families.

Navigating Challenges

2024-09-22T15:40:41+00:00

This research paper examines how women entrepreneurs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa navigate the entrepreneurial ecosystem and social support structures. Grounded in an interpretivist research philosophy, the study delves into the subjective experiences of women entrepreneurs, highlighting their roles in fostering economic stability within their communities. A hybrid inductive and deductive research approach, combined with a multiple case study method, was employed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 18 purposively sampled women entrepreneurs. The analysis, using a hybrid thematic approach, identified key themes related to the resilience of women entrepreneurs in the face of social and financial challenges, social advocacy, and economic independence. The findings illustrate how these women overcome socio-cultural barriers and limited institutional support, leveraging their entrepreneurial ventures to create inclusive spaces and advocate for gender equality.

Macroeconomic Determinants of Crime against Children

2024-09-22T15:55:30+00:00

Despite it being a growing cause of concern, the relationship between macroeconomic indicators and crime against children has previously remained widely unnoticed. An extensive range of literature is reviewed that gives this domain of research a different perspective by investigating crime against children existent in various countries around the world. The analysis of this paper is divided into three sections. Firstly, a regression analysis has been run using time series data taken from Punjab, Pakistan for the years 2007-2017. Applying the Ordinary Least Square Technique and using income, unemployment, and education as independent variables and crime rate against female children as the dependent variable; a regression model was run. While income and education show a statistically significant relationship, a prediction cannot be made due to a limited data availability of the crime variable. Secondly, this paper takes a descriptive approach by using a correlation matrix to observe the relationship between total crime rate against male children and unemployment, poverty and social sector spending. Results of this Matrix indicate a positive relationship between crime with unemployment and crime with poverty, while there is a negative linkage among social sector spending and crime. However, a correlation matrix can only be used to define a causal relationship between variables and not be employed to make reliable cause and effect estimations.

Ornamental Flowers Induce Psychological Well-Being of University Public

2024-09-24T15:34:55+00:00

Ornamental plants provide several advantages to individuals, including emotional and mental wellbeing, physiological health, social relationships, and economic and financial circumstances. The correlation between flowers and aesthetically pleasing plants has been widely acknowledged as having a favorable influence on psychological wellbeing throughout the history of humanity. This study investigates the role of ornamental flowers in the psychological wellbeing of students and staff. This descriptive study used a quantitative approach. The study sample was 350 (male =212, female=138), including students and employees at the University of Okara. The study revealed that Ornamental flowers in universities are linked to significantly reduced stress levels and enhanced mood in the university community. The benefits of this beautiful campus environment with ornamental flowers are a reduction in stress levels, improved mood, and a peaceful aesthetic appreciation for residents. More psychological wellbeing and economic benefits were discovered with the presence of flowers in males compared to females. Staff well-being, meanwhile, was perceived as higher than for students impeding the perception that ornamental plants may be generally more beneficial to professional roles within a setting. Their findings indicate that we need to integrate natural elements in our environments, specifically at the university level, to create an enriched learning experience and environment perfect for creating general wellbeing. Such research also can shed light on the value of ornamental plants and their ability to generate a sense of wellbeing and encouragement in campus ambience.

Beyond Borders

2024-09-27T20:16:48+00:00

A new Global Order is emerging, along with new (re)alignments taking place in interstate relations between Pakistan and China towards the eastern camp. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) project is US$62 billion, and it will combat persistent instability, leverage Pakistan's strategic location, build economic development zones, support social infrastructure, and address Pakistan's energy deficit. CPEC will give China another entry point into the Indian Ocean through the Gwadar Port in Balochistan and Pakistan, which will provide a massive opportunity to improve its dire economic situation. However, to make the CPEC a successful reality, the state of Pakistan must confront and overcome a number of difficulties. Pakistan is clearly moving away from geostrategic concerns and towards geo-economics cooperation, emphasizing solid relationships with key regional players. Conversely, the CPEC has faced considerable international scrutiny and criticism since its launch in 2013. However, both countries face external challenges, both regional and global. This article aims to analyze the external challenges that Pakistan has been facing since the beginning of the CPEC and its economic lifeline. Pakistan is trying to balance relations with its neighboring countries and balance the power, which can resolve the external challenges of CPEC.

Assessing the Impact of Market Supporting Institutions on Environmental Outcomes

2024-09-27T20:20:17+00:00

There is a considerable debate on the impact of institutional quality including economic and political institutions on economic outcomes. Most of the existing discourse has focused only on their economic implications. This study, on the other hand, seeks to explore the role of market supporting institutions, measured by economic freedom, on environmental outcomes in Pakistan. While utilizing data for the period 2000–2020 and using ARDL bounds testing approach, we arrive at few important conclusions. The empirical results indicate that market supporting institutions such as economic freedom have strong negative impact on environmental degradation (measured by CO₂ emissions per capita and CO₂ emissions from electricity and heat production) in Pakistan. Importantly, the effect holds both in short-run as well as in the long-run, suggesting that the strength of market supporting institutions not only lowers environmental pollution in the country but it also mitigates the environmental degradation from electricity and heat production. The estimated results are robust through alternative estimation strategies. Ultimately, the study implies that the strength of market supporting institutions can be an eventual boon to the environmental outcomes of Pakistan’s economy.

Investigating Factors Causing Sectarian Militancy and Its Association with Rural Women Sufferings

2024-09-28T21:22:19+00:00

The study titled “Investigating factors causing sectarian militancy and its association with rural women suffering” was carried out in tribal district Kurram erstwhile known as Kurram Agency of Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. A proportionally determined sample size of 335 female respondents was randomly selected within the age group of 30 years and above. The collected data was quantitatively analyzed and presented with the help of frequencies and percentages. The study concluded that sectarian militancy has devastating effects on rural women in terms of getting educations, access to health care facilities and administrative domains, social capital and networking, and political freedom. The prevalence of long standing sectarian tendencies and subsequent violence in the area, also contributed towards women increasing economic dependency on men. The study further concluded that women focused social institutions were socially disintegrated in terms of its physical infrastructure and deliverance due to sectarian conflicts. Likely, it’s also resulted into weakened control of women over livelihood, while on the other hand; women opt for secular ideologies in migrated areas after their displacement from home towns. To overcome with women sufferings in war effected areas, strict regulations need to be implemented especially targeting women folks, introduction of consistent efforts to challenge the prevailing patriarchal social structure, creation of awareness among the local leaders about gender sensitivity and punishing anti-state actors like Taliban and Zainebiyoun etc., were forwarded some of the recommendations in light of the study results.

How Corporate Governance Practices Influence the CSR in the Non-financial Sector of Pakistan

2024-09-24T15:21:04+00:00

In the course of this research the variables such as Women Directors, Board Size, Board Independences, Ownership structure and Audit committee are taken into consideration and how these factors influence Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) disclosures. The analysis is based on data taken from the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) for the period 2010-17. The analysis technique such as Fixed Effect Regression model is used which is based on Hausman diagnostic test results. Where the result reflects a positive significant effect of AUDIT, BIND and WDIR on CSR disclosure, however the relationship between BS and OWN on CSR disclosure has not been established. Control Variables such as Profitability (PRFT), Firm Size (FS) and Leverage (LEV) are investigated in this study. Using fixed effect model correlation matrix, regression analysis and descriptive statistics are examined. Considering the non-financial sectors of Pakistan, the study determines that AUDIT, BIND and WDIR plays pivotal role while promoting CSR related activities. Furthermore, the insights gained from the present study explored the importance of Corporate Governance (CG) strategies to promote CSR, the outcome of the study can be a helping hand for the policy makers and corporate decision makers while devising effective governance strategies. The control variables such as FS, PRFT and LEV provide depth of understanding regarding the factors influencing CSR disclosure. In a broad sense, the current research enhances the scholarly discourse on CSR disclosure. The findings of the study give a roadmap for future research studies to fill the identified gaps and further improve CSR disclosure practices in non-financial sector of Pakistan.

The Effects of Green Practices on Economic Growth in Pakistan

2024-09-29T07:07:26+00:00

Green practices play a key role in boosting the economic growth of a country. With the growing awareness and concern about environmental sustainability, the need of shifting towards a low-carbon economy and adoption of green practices has gained significant attention. The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of various green practices on economic growth in Pakistan. For this purpose, green banking, renewable energy, and foreign direct investment have been taken as the independent variables while economic growth has been taken as the dependent variable in this study. A mixed yet predominantly positive relationship between the variables was revealed by a comprehensive review of existing literature. This study is based on a quantitative research method along with a deductive approach that is supported by hypotheses that are tested with the help of the data gathered. Forty- two listed commercial banks in Pakistan that are subject to State Bank of Pakistan regulation make up the population. It also includes five percent of the energy mix which is consumed within Pakistan and is considered renewable energy and the data was gathered from the official website of NEPRA. The sampling data for foreign direct investment is gathered from the official site of the World Bank from the year 1999 to 2022. The sampling technique that is used in this study to collect data is convenience sampling. The number of samples taken for each variable was twenty-three and the software used to analyze data was Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The green banking has a strong positive effect on economic growth meanwhile; the renewable energy and foreign direct investment both have a direct but an insignificant effect on economic growth in Pakistan. Finally, this study could be beneficial for future researchers in the aspect to focusing on green practices and their implementation.

The Social Ideas of Dr. Allama Muhammad Iqbal

2024-09-26T20:23:43+00:00

This research paper instigates the profound social ideas of Dr. Allam Iqbal, a poet, philosopher, and thinker whose influence is felt long after his death. Iqbal's work demonstrates that he regarded the capitalist and socialist economic structures as flawed and unsuitable. He supported a social structure founded exclusively on the economic teachings of the Quran. The social ideas of Dr. Iqbal, rooted in the context of the Indian Subcontinent during the early twentieth century, have continued to shape South Asia's intellectual and political landscape. This research provides a comprehensive analysis of the social philosophy of Dr. Iqbal, emphasising its relevance in contemporary society.

Empowering Communities through Akhuwat Foundation's Microfinance Initiative in Bhakkar, Punjab

2024-10-16T18:39:37+00:00

Poverty is a global problem with several facets that affect millions of people worldwide. This study investigates the role of microfinance, mostly through the Akhuwat Foundation, in reducing poverty in the undeveloped district of Bhakkar, South Punjab, Pakistan. Akhuwat Foundation provides small loans to the needy to raise them out of poverty. This qualitative study takes an interpretive social science method, combining a meta-analysis of relevant literature with in-depth interviews of stakeholders using open-ended questions. According to the data, recipients primarily use these loans to start businesses, which leads to increased income and, as a result, poverty alleviation. However, limited resources limit the extent of lending, demanding increased loan-giving capacity to reach more people in need. Moreover, respondents require further training in business management or entrepreneurial capacities, which is not addressed by microfinance institutions such as Akhuwat Foundation before loan acceptance. Pre-loan training is required for optimum use of funds for business purposes, which limits microfinance's potential influence on poverty alleviation.

Causes Behind Escalation of Juvenile Delinquency in Quetta City

2024-10-15T18:27:19+00:00

Juvenile delinquency is a substantial issue both universally and nationally, mostly in Balochistan. This study objects to explore the causes backing to juvenile delinquency in Quetta city of Balochistan Province. The research was conducted at one of the Jail, located in Quetta city of Province of Balochistan. Data was collected through two rounds of interviews: one with juvenile offenders and another with legal professionals. Information on the juveniles’ age, education, socioeconomic background, family history, and employment status was gathered through structured questionnaires. The collected data was analyzed and compiled to identify the underlying causes of delinquency. The results revealed that juvenile delinquency in Quetta is driven by multiple factors, with poverty and illiteracy emerging as the most significant contributors. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions to address the socio-economic challenges faced by at-risk youth in the region and gives a comprehensive approach that tackle systematic issues, support families and provide opportunities for youth.

Hoarding Behavior, Compulsive Buying and Self-Control among Adulthood

2024-10-16T18:41:39+00:00

The current study finds the relation between hoarding behavior, compulsive buying and self-control among adulthood. A total sample of adult was (n=250) including male and female was collected Lahore from city of Pakistan. In the present study, data was collected through convenient sampling techniques. Correlational survey research was used for the present study. Data was collected with the self-report measures including Compulsive Buying Scale (CBS) by Valence, D'Astous (1990). Hoarding rating scale (HRS) was developed by Tolin, D.F and Frost (2010) and Self-control scale (SCS) created by Robson (1989) Correlational analysis shows significant relationships among all study variables. According to linear regression analysis, hoarding behavior and compulsive buying esteem is a positive predictor of self-control. This study highlights the importance of considering self-control in the context of hoarding and compulsive buying behaviors. By understanding these complex relationships, mental health professionals can develop more effective interventions to support individuals struggling with these issues.

Suharwardia Sufi Order

2024-10-24T10:32:22+00:00

Hazrat Shaikh Rukn-e-Alam was an admired Sufi saint belonging to the Suhrawardia order who was born in Multan in 1251 AD. He was the descendant of Hazrat Bahauddin Zakariya who was educated in the city of Baghdad & later started following Sheikh Shahab-ud-Din Sahurwardi. Sheikh Bahauddin was sent to Multan by his master for the spiritual guidance of the people. Shaikh Rukn-e-Alam carried on the legacy of his grandfather as an esteemed Sufi saint, known for his spiritual teachings and literary works. Shaikh Rukn-e-Alam was widely renowned for his kind-heartedness and empathy, miraculous healings and charitable deeds. After his death in 1334 AD, his disciples continued to promote his spiritual guidance marking a significant era in Sufi history in India. Shaikh Rukn-e-Alam, a respected Sufi saint significantly influenced his era by advocating for inclusiveness and compassion to foster unity among diverse groups of people. His close relationships with rulers (governors, kings, Sultans) like Alauddin Khilji, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq & Muhammad bin Tughlaq showcased a reciprocal bond of respect and influence as he assisted the underprivileged and settled conflicts. Despite engaging in political scheming, his relationship with Khwaja Nizamuddin Auliya prioritized spiritual unity over rivalry among the saints. The shrine of Shaikh remains a purposeful destination for pilgrims in Multan demonstrating the enduring impact of his legacy of compassion over the years. This research focuses on the lineage/ancestry, political involvement of this saint, connections with other saints and religious duties of the Suharwardia order specifically Shaikh Rukn-e-Alam.